Dynamic Memory Allocation (new, delete)

Sometimes you need an object that outlives the function that created it, or whose existence depends on a runtime decision. C++ gives you new to ask the runtime for fresh memory and delete to give it back. This chapter covers the basics of new and delete for a single object. Arrays (new[]/delete[]) come in the next chapter, the failure modes (leaks, dangling pointers, double-delete) get their own chapter after that, and smart pointers, which most modern code uses to wrap raw new, come later.