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Replication Deep Dive for System Design Interviews
Last Updated: December 18, 2025
Ashish Pratap Singh
8 min read
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Replication Deep Dive for System Design Interviews...
1. Why Replication Matters
1.1 The Single Server Problem
1.2 What Replication Provides
1.3 The Fundamental Challenge
2. Single-Leader Replication
2.1 How It Works
2.2 Replication Process
2.3 Statement-Based vs Log-Based Replication
2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
2.5 Read Replicas for Scaling
3. Multi-Leader Replication
3.1 When to Use Multi-Leader
3.2 Advantages Over Single-Leader
3.3 The Conflict Problem
3.4 Conflict Resolution Strategies
3.5 Conflict Avoidance
4. Leaderless Replication
4.1 How It Works
4.2 Quorum Writes and Reads
4.3 Common Quorum Configurations
4.4 Sloppy Quorums and Hinted Handoff
4.5 Read Repair and Anti-Entropy
4.6 Databases Using Leaderless Replication
5. Synchronous vs Asynchronous Replication
5.1 Synchronous Replication
5.2 Asynchronous Replication
5.3 Semi-Synchronous Replication
5.4 Comparison
5.5 Durability Guarantees
6. Replication Lag and Its Problems
6.1 What Is Replication Lag?
6.2 Reading Your Own Writes
6.3 Monotonic Reads
6.4 Consistent Prefix Reads
6.5 Monitoring Replication Lag
7. Consistency Guarantees
7.1 Consistency Spectrum
7.2 Eventual Consistency
7.3 Strong Consistency (Linearizability)
7.4 Causal Consistency
7.5 Choosing Consistency Level
8. Failover and High Availability
8.1 Detecting Failure
8.2 Failover Process
8.3 Choosing the New Leader
8.4 Split-Brain Problem
8.5 Automatic vs Manual Failover
8.6 Failover Tools
9. Replication in Practice
9.1 PostgreSQL Streaming Replication
9.2 MySQL Replication
9.3 MongoDB Replica Sets
9.4 Cassandra Replication
9.5 Comparison Summary
10. Common Interview Questions
10.1 Design Questions
10.2 Troubleshooting Questions
10.3 Quick Reference
Summary
References
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