Pattern Matching for instanceof (Java 16)

The classic instanceof check is three statements doing one logical thing: ask if the object is a particular type, cast the reference to that type, and store it in a new variable. Three places to mention the type, three places to mismatch. Java 16 finalized pattern matching for `instanceof`, which folds the test, the cast, and the binding into one expression. This lesson covers the precise scoping rules of the pattern variable, how the compiler tracks flow typing across &&, ||, and !, what the compiler rejects and why, and how generics interact with the feature.