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SQLAlchemy

Medium Priority21 min readUpdated June 6, 2026

SQLAlchemy is the most widely used database toolkit in the Python ecosystem. It's two libraries packaged together: Core, a SQL expression language that builds queries from Python objects without writing a string, and ORM, an object-relational mapper that sits on top of Core and maps rows to instances of Python classes. This lesson covers the parts of SQLAlchemy that come up in any serious project: setting up an engine, defining models, running queries with the 2.0-style API, working with sessions, modeling relationships, controlling how related objects load, and where Alembic fits in for migrations.

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